作者：By Dean E. Good Spring 2013 Introduction to Church History
教会史推荐书目 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS ON CHURCH HISTORY
A. 教会史著作 GENERAL WORKS ON CHURCH HISTORY
*⭕️⭕️ Broadbent, E.H. The Pilgrim Church. Port Colborne, ON: Gospel Folio Press, 2009.
⭕️ Cairns, Earle E. Christianity Through the Centuries. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1967.
⭕️ Curtis, A. K., et. al. The 100 Most Important Events in Christian History. Grand Rapids: Fleming H. Revell, 1991.
⭕️ Dowley, Tim, editor. Introduction to the History of Christianity. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995.
*⭕️⭕️ Foxe, John. Fox’s Book of Martyrs. Ed. by William Forbush. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1967.
⭕️ Gonzalez, Justo L. The Story of Christianity, 2 vols. Harper San Francisco, 1984.
*⭕️⭕️ Kuiper, B.K. The Church in History. Grand Rapids: Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing, Co., 1964.
⭕️ Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A History of Christianity, 2 vols. Peabody, MA: Prince Press, 1997.
⭕️ Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church, 8 vols. 1858-1892. Reprint, Peabody MA: Hendrickson Pub., 2002.
⭕️ Shelley, Bruce L. Church History in Plain Language, 3rd edition. Thomas Nelson, 2008.
B. 特定时期教会史著作 WORKS ON SPECIFIC PERIODS OF CHURCH HISTORY
⭕️ Beale, David O. In Pursuit of Purity: American Fundamentalism Since 1850. Greenville, SC: Unusual Pub., 1986.
⭕️ Catherwood, Christopher. Five Leading Reformers. Christian Focus, 2000.
*⭕️⭕️ Estep, William R. Renaissance and Reformation. Grand Rapids: William Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1986.
_. The Anabaptist Story. Grand Rapids: William Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1975.
⭕️ d’Aubigne, J.H. Merle. The Reformation in England, 2 vols. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1963.
⭕️ Hatch, Nathan O. The Democratization of American Christianity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
⭕️ Lloyd-Jones, D.M. The Puritans: Their Origins and Successors. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1987.
⭕️ Marsden, George M. Reforming Fundamentalism. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1987.
⭕️ Murray, Iain H. Revival and Revivalism: The Making and Marring of American Evangelicalism, 1750-1858. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1994.
⭕️ Ryle, J.C. Light From Old Times. 1890. Reprint, Moscow, Idaho: Charles Nolan Publishers, 2000.
⭕️ Smith, Preserved. The Age of the Reformation. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1920.
⭕️ Verduin, Leonard. The Reformers and Their Stepchildren. Sarasota, FL: The Christian Hymnary Publishers, 1964.
C. 人物传记 BIOGRAPHIES
⭕️ Aitken, Jonathan. John Newton: From Disgrace to Amazing Grace. Crossway Books, 2007.
*⭕️⭕️ Bainton, Roland H. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1977.
⭕️ Bonar, Andrew, ed. Memoirs of McCheyne. Chicago: Moody Press, 1951.
⭕️ Carey, S. Pearce. William Carey. 1923. Reprint, London: The Wakeman Trust, 1993.
⭕️ Dallimore, Arnold. George Whitefield, 2 vols. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1980.
_. Spurgeon: A New Biography. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1985.
⭕️ Mackenzie, Rob. David Livingstone: The Truth Behind the Legend. Christian Focus Publications, 1993.
⭕️ Murray, Iain. John MacArthur: Servant of the Word and Flock. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 2011.
_. Jonathan Edwards: A New Biography. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1987.
_. The Forgotten Spurgeon. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1973.
概述 INTRODUCTION
A. 教会的圣经视角 A BIBLICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE CHURCH
- The Foundation of the Church (Matthew 16:16-18)
- The Beginning of the Church (Acts 1:12-15; 2:1 ff)
- The Church in the World (John 17:15-18)
- The Culmination of the Church (John 14:1-3)
B. 教会史的重要性 THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CHURCH HISTORY
- Appreciation for God’s providence
- Appreciation for the saints who have gone on before us
- Perspective on the present state and direction of the church
- Perspective on the future of the church
- Perspective on the development of theology
C. 新约中对教会历史的预示 ANTICIPATION OF CHURCH HISTORY IN THE NEW TESTAMENT
- New Testament Prophecies
a. Promises (e.g. Matt. 16:18)
b. Warnings (e.g. 2 Timothy 3:13) - New Testament Examples
a. Faithful servants of Christ
b. Problems in the churches (moral, doctrinal, relational)
c. Problem individuals (seeking power, profit, pleasure) - Summary of Expectations
a. The church will grow and spread
b. The church will suffer, but will endure to the end
c. There will be false brethren and false doctrines
d. The true church will be a minority group within the professing church
D. 平衡地看待教会历史 A BALANCED PERSPECTIVE ON CHURCH HISTORY
- A Theological Perspective
a. God’s sovereign direction of church history
b. The role of the Holy Spirit in the growth and preservation of the true church
c. The imperfection of the best of God’s servants - A Martial Perspective
a. The opposition of Satan and the world (Psalm 2:1-3; 1 Peter 5:8)
b. The true church versus the professing (apostate) church (Matt. 13:24-43) - A Historical & Geographical Perspective
a. Importance of understanding the broader historical context of church history
b. Importance of understanding the geographical context of church history
c. Observe the western movement of Christianity and its effect on Western Civilization
E. 教会史概要（图表）AN OUTLINE OF CHURCH HISTORY (see charts)
I. 使徒时期 APOSTOLIC ERA (A.D. 33-98)
这是使徒时代，见证了耶路撒冷教会的建立、教会的快速发展、外邦人的加入、福音在整个罗马帝国的传播以及新约的完成。This was the age of the Apostles, which saw the founding of the church at Jerusalem, the rapid growth of the church, the inclusion of Gentiles, the spread of the Gospel throughout the Roman Empire, and the completion of the New Testament.
A. 重要日期和事件 IMPORTANT DATES & EVENTS
⭕️ 33 – Pentecost (Acts 2) – The Holy Spirit descended upon the disciples at Jerusalem during the feast of Pentecost. This marks the beginning of the church.
⭕️ c. 49 – Council at Jerusalem (Acts 15) –The Apostles met to decide what should be required of Gentiles who became members of the church.
⭕️ c. 67 – Death of the Apostle Paul – Paul was martryed at Rome by order of Nero.
⭕️ 70 – Fall of Jerusalem – The Romans, under Titus, destroyed Jerusalem including the temple. This marks the end of the sacrificial system.
⭕️ c. 98 – Death of the Apostle John – John was exiled by Domitian to the island of Patmos where he wrote the book of Revelation. After the death of Domitian (A.D. 96), he was allowed to return to Ephesus, where he remained until his death. As far as we know, John was the only Apostle to die a natural death.
B. 重要人物 SIGNIFICANT INDIVIDUALS
The Apostle Peter (died c. 64-67) – Prominent in the opening years of the church
The Apostle Paul (died c. 67) – The great missionary to the Gentiles
The Apostle John (died c. 98) – Apostle of love and truth; leader at Ephesus
C. 发展和趋势 DEVELOPMENTS & TRENDS
- The rapid spread of the Gospel throughout the Roman Empire
- Movement from a primarily Jewish church to a primarily Gentile church – The church at Pentecost was exclusively Jewish. Soon Samaritans were evangelized (Acts 8) and eventually, through Peter’s preaching at the home of Cornelius, Gentiles were added (Acts 10). The first extensive evangelization of Gentiles took place at the church in Antioch (Acts 11:19-21). On the missionary journeys of Paul (beginning in Acts 13), he went to the Jewish synagogues first and then to the Gentiles. Eventually, the Gentile converts far outnumbered the Jewish converts.
- The writing of the canon of Scripture – The New Testament was possibly complete by A.D. 68, with the exception of the writings of John, which were probably written in the last two decades of the first century.
II. 初代教会 EARLY CHURCH (98-313)
这个时代的教会遭受罗马政府的迫害，导致许多殉道者殉道，同时也涌现出捍卫信仰的护教者。这个时代也面临着诺斯替主义的问题，教会内部异端势力日益壮大。最终导致罗马天主教体系的趋势显而易见。The church of this age was persecuted by the Roman state, resulting in many martyrs, as well as the rise of apologists who defended the faith. This age also faced the problem of Gnosticism and increased heresy within. Tendencies that would eventually result in the Roman Catholic system were abundantly evident.
A. 重要日期和事件 IMPORTANT DATES & EVENTS
⭕️ c. 150 – Justin Martyr wrote his Apology – Justin was one of the first of the apologists. In this work, which was addressed to the emperor Antoninus Pius, he defended the faith against misrepresentation and ridicule in terms that philosophers could relate to.
⭕️ c. 156 – Martyrdom of Polycarp – Polycarp was the bishop of Smyrna and as a young man studied under the Apostle John. At his martyrdom he was 86 years old.
⭕️ 270 – Anthony begins his life as a hermit – At around the age of 20, this young man from Egypt sold his inheritance and lived a life of self-denial and seclusion, eating one meal a day of bread and water and sleeping on the bare ground. During one period of his life he did not see a human face for 20 years. Although he was not the first ascetic, Anthony marks
the beginning of the monastic tradition.
⭕️ 303-311 – Persecution under the emperors Diocletian and Galerius – This persecution was the last under the Roman emperors, the most general, and perhaps the most violent.
⭕️ 312 – Conversion of Constantine – This ‘conversion’ took place before the battle of Milvian Bridge, when he saw a cross in the sky with the inscription: ‘In this sign conquer.’ Constantine would soon thereafter bring an end to official persecution.
B. 重要人物 SIGNIFICANT INDIVIDUALS
- Apostolic Fathers – Leaders of the post-apostolic age who had contact with the Apostles
⭕️ Clement of Rome (dates??)
⭕️ Polycarp (c.70-c.156) – Bishop of Smyrna
⭕️ Ignatius (died c. 108) – Bishop of Antioch - Apologists – Writers who attempted to defend the faith against the attacks of pagans
⭕️ Justin Martyr (c. 100-165)
⭕️ Tertullian (c.160-c.215) - Alexandrian Fathers – Mixed Christianity with Greek philosophy; allegorical interpretation
⭕️ Clement of Alexandria (c.155-c.220)
⭕️ Origen (c. 185-c.254) – Wrote Hexapla; On First Principles - Other Important Leaders
⭕️ Irenaeus(c. 125-c.195) – Bishop of Lyons – wrote Against Heresies
⭕️ Cyprian (c.200-258) – Bishop of Carthage
C. 发展和趋势 DEVELOPMENTS & TRENDS
- Persecution – This era is sometimes referred to as the persecuted church. It is customary to speak of 10 great persecutions (Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, Maximinus, Decius, Valerian, Aurelian, and Diocletian).
- Recognition of the Canon of Scripture – Culminated with the Council of Carthage (397)
- Mixture of Biblical Truth and Greek Philosophy – The tendency to mix Platonic philosophy with Biblical doctrine was a temptation of many of the church Fathers and is perhaps most obvious among the Alexanderian Fathers. The most notable trait of Platonic philosophy was a dualism that understood all things physical to be evil. Creation, the humanity of Christ, the resurrection, the millennium, and the eternal state are all doctrines that are in tension with Platonic dualism.
- Development of Sacramentalism (sacraments) – The tendency to pervert the ordinances of the church (baptism and communion) into sacramental means of receiving salvation began very early. The language of baptismal regeneration was used almost immediately after the Apostles. Tertullian and Cyprian were the first to suggest that satisfaction must be made for sins by self-imposed penitential exercises and goood works – the starting point of the sacrament of penance. Cyprian promoted the idea that the communion was a sacrifice.
- Development of Sacerdotalism (priesthood) – As sacramental ideas flourished, the need for a priesthood to administer the sacraments also developed. The separation of clergy and laity increased dramatically in this period.
- Development of Episcopacy (hierarchy of bishops) – With the rise of sacramentalism and sacerdotalism came the idea that the church was the channel of divine grace. This led to an emphasis on the visible organization: one could not be saved apart from being rightly related to the visible church. This resulted in an emphasis on the external unity
of the universal church and the consolidation of all authority in the office of bishop. Cyprian is the most important individual in this development in the early church.
III. 帝国教会 IMPERIAL CHURCH (313-590)
这一时期见证了国教的兴起和早期罗马天主教会的发展。这一时期也是教会历史上一些最重要的神学争论发生的时代，其中涌现出了许多最伟大的教父。This period witnessed the rise of the state church and the development of the infant Roman Catholic Church. It also was the era in which some of the most important theological controversies in church history took place and included the greatest of the church fathers.
A. 重要日期和事件 IMPORTANT DATES & EVENTS
⭕️ 313 – Edict of Milan – This edict of Constantine granted religious freedom within the Roman Empire, ending official persecution of Christians.
⭕️ 325 – Council of Nicea – This ecumenical council, called by Constantine, addressed the teaching of Arius and the question of the deity of Christ.
⭕️ 381 – Theodosius I outlaws heresy and paganism – By his edict, Theodosius made Christianity the state religion.
⭕️ 387 – Conversion of Augustine – He was converted at the age of 33 and became arguably the most important theologian in church history.
⭕️ 405 – Jerome completes the Vulgate – Jerome translated the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into Latin. This eventually became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church.
⭕️ 451 – Council of Chalcedon – This ecumenical council dealt with the question of the Person of Christ and the hypostatic union, the relationship between his divine nature and his human nature.
⭕️ 529 – Benedict establishes his monastic order – Benedict gave monasticism a permanent place in Western Europe.
B. 重要人物 SIGNIFICANT INDIVIDUALS
⭕️ Athanasius (c. 296-373) – Bishop of Alexandria, the champion of orthodoxy against Arianism
⭕️ Augustine (354-430) – Bishop of Hippo, the most important theologian of the ancient church, wrote Confessions and The City of God
⭕️ Jerome (c. 345-c.419) – Greatest scholar of the ancient church, translated the Scriptures into Latin (the Vulgate)
⭕️ Chrysostom (c.344-407) – Bishop of Constantinople, most eloquent preacher of ancient church
⭕️ Patrick (c.390-c.461) – Born in Roman Britain, he became a missionary to Ireland
⭕️ Leo I (the Great) (c. 400-461) – Bishop of Rome from 440-461. His understanding regarding the doctrine of Christ was influential at the council of Chalcedon. Asserted the primacy of the Bishop of Rome.
C. 发展和趋势 DEVELOPMENTS & TRENDS
- Rise of the State Church – When Christianity became the official state religion, church leadership became an avenue to power and influence, opening the door for corruption.
- Amalgamation of Paganism and Christianity – Requiring all the pagans of the empire to join the church resulted in the corruption of its doctrines and practices. Pagan ideas, practices, heros, and holidays were retained, renamed, and married to Christian ideas and practices. The result was the infant Roman Catholic Church which would come to full stature in the Middle Ages.
- Unification of Dogma (ecumenical councils and creeds) – State religion required unity of dogma. This became the age of deep theological debate including the calling of ecumenical councils to resolve difficult and dividing issues, especially those relating to the Trinity and the Person of Christ. These councils resulted in written creeds that carefully defined these doctrines. They became official dogma of the state church.
- Unification of Power (Rise of the Roman Bishop) – The Bishop of Rome gradually but steadily became the most influential bishop in the empire. With the coming of the state church, his eventual enthronement over the whole visible church, along with a highly structured hierarchy below him, was inevitable.
- Rise of Monasticism – As worldly power and corruption increased in the church, many sought a refuge in the ascetic atmosphere of the monastery. The Benedictine order, founded in the 6th century, increased rapidly. The other prominent monastic orders, Dominicans, Franciscans and Augustinians, did not come into existence until the 13th century.
- Increase in Dissenting Groups – As the church developed into a state church with a monolithic structure, and as corruption and worldliness increased among both clergy and laity, there arose many dissenting groups which left the church and suffered various degrees of persecution from the state church. Groups like the Donatists in North Africa
and the Paulicians in Armenia were labeled heretics.
IV. 中世纪教会 MEDIEVEL CHURCH (590-1517)
这一时期标志着罗马天主教会的权力和教义的彻底巩固。教会统治着社会的各个层面，并要求人们完全服从。教会在宗教、政治、经济和教育方面拥有至高无上的权力。与此同时，它也充满了腐败。This period marks the complete consolidation of the power and doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church. The Church ruled society at every level and demanded complete conformity. The Church was supreme over religion, politics, economics and education. It was also full of corruption
A. 重要日期和事件 IMPORTANT DATES & EVENTS
⭕️ 590 – Gregory the Great becomes Bishop of Rome – This marks the beginning of the papacy.
⭕️ 1054 – East-West Schism – This division resulted in the permanent separation of the Roman Catholic Church in the west with its pope in Rome, and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the East with its patriarch in Constantinople.
⭕️ 1076 – Hildebrand excommunicates Henry IV – The emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was excommunicated over the right of investiture (appointment of church bishops).
⭕️ 1095 – First Crusade – Urban II initiated the first crusade for the purpose of recovering the Holy Land from the Turks. A total of eight Crusades and a Children’s Crusade were launched over the next 200 years.
⭕️ 1209 – King John of England excommunicated by Innocent III – Innocent III placed England under the interdict in 1208 when John refused to accept the pope’s choice for archbishop of Canterbury. The following year John was excommunicated. In 1213 John submitted to the Pope and acknowledged himself a vassal of the pope.
⭕️ 1309-1376 – ‘Babylonian Captivity’ of the papacy – The papal seat was removed from Rome to Avignon in France. During this time the popes were under the domination of the French kings. It is called the Babylonian Captivity because it lasted seventy years.
⭕️ 1378-1417 – The Great Papal Schism – During this time there were two popes – one Italian and one French. In 1409 a council deposed them both and appointed a new pope, but the other two refused to step down, resulting in three popes. This lasted until 1417 when the Council of Constance elected Martin V. The other three stepped down.
⭕️ c. 1380 – John Wycliffe translates the Bible into English – Providing Scripture in the language of the people was an important step in the eventual overthrow of the domination of the Roman Catholic Church in England.
⭕️ 1456 – Johann Gutenberg produces the first printed Bible – The invention of the printing press with moveable type was one of the most significant factors in preparing Europe for the Reformation. It allowed, not only for mass printing of the Bible, but also for the publishing of polemical and theological literature that would rapidly disseminate the ideas of the Reformation across the continent.
⭕️ 1478 – Establishment of the Spanish Inquisition – The inquisition had existed in Europe since the 13th century, but in 1478 it was established in Spain at the request of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Spanish Inquisition was infamous for its thoroughness and cruelty. Lasting until the 19th century, it was the reason the Reformation never took hold in Spain.
B. 重要人物 SIGNIFICANT INDIVIDUALS
⭕️ Gregory I (the Great) (540-604) – greatly increased the power of the papacy
⭕️ Gregory VII (Hildebrand) (c. 1023-1085) – Pope from 1073-1085, he greatly augmented the power of the papacy over the temporal rulers of Europe
⭕️ Innocent III (1160-1216) – Pope from 1198-1216, some consider his reign as the highwater mark of papal power in the Middle Ages
⭕️ Peter Waldo (12th century) – Merchant from Lyons who was the leader (possibly the founder) of the Waldenses, a group who believed the New Testament was the only rule of faith
⭕️ Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) – Founder of the Franciscan monastic order
⭕️ Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) – The most important theologian in the history of Roman Catholic Church, he wrote the Summa Theologica
⭕️ John Wycliffe (c. 1329-1384) – The Morning Star of the Reformation. An Oxford scholar who believed the Bible was the only authoritative rule of faith, he denied transubstantiation, the papacy, and indulgences. He also translated the Bible into English. His followers were called Lollards.
⭕️ John Hus (1373-1415) – Influenced by the writings of Wycliffe, he preached throughout Bohemia, gaining many followers. He was burned at the stake in 1415. After his death, his followers formed an organization called the Unitas Fratrum (Unity of the Brethren) which generally became known as the Bohemian Brethren.
C. 发展和趋势 DEVELOPMENTS & TRENDS
- Conflict with Islam – During this period the Muslims overran the Levant, all of North Africa, and Spain. They were stopped by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732. The Muslim conflict forms the backdrop for this whole era, including the Crusades.
- Supremacy of the Pope in European Affairs – The pope became the most powerful man in Europe during the Middle Ages. Popes had standing armies, ruled territories and outmaneuvered the most powerful kings of Europe through the use of the interdict, excommunication, political intrigue, and money.
- Full Development of Roman Catholic Dogma – The sacramental system, the confessional, purgatory and indulgences, worship of Mary and the rosary, praying to saints, the doctrine of transubstantiation and the mass, all came to their fullest expression and became virtually universal in practice during the Middle Ages.
- Scholasticism – A logical system of theology and Aristotelian philosophy that was the work of the intellectuals of the Middle Ages, including Thomas Aquinas, Peter Lombard, William Ockham and Duns Scotus.
- Persecution of Heretics – Through the Inquisition, the Roman Catholic Church sought to completely stamp out all dissent, most famously the Cathari or Albigenses in Southern France. Torture, the stake, and book burning were some of the methods used.
- Immense Corruption throughout the Roman Catholic Church – Simony, political intrigue, sexual immorality, drunkenness, profligacy, corruption, and murder became common place within the church. Even the monasteries were full of corruption and vice.
- Proliferation of Pre-Reformation, Dissenting Groups – In spite of severe persecution, by the time of the Reformation, there were many underground, dissenting groups who rejected the Roman Catholic Church, most notably the Bohemian Brethren and Lollards.
D. 教皇的崛起 THE RISE OF THE PAPACY
⭕️ Early 2nd c. – Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch (d. c. 108) – In his letters, it is clear that already the office of bishop had become distinct from that of elder within the local church. In essence the bishop became the ‘pope’ of the local church.
⭕️ 325 – Council of Nicea – By this time there was a definite hierarchy of bishops. Bishops from the major cities were most important (Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria)
⭕️ 440-461 – Leo I (the Great) – First bishop of Rome to claim primacy over the church based on Matthew 16 and first to assume the pagan title, Pontifex Maximus
⭕️ 590-604 – Gregory I (the Great) – First to take extensive temporal power, like raising armies, appointing heads of cities, and making peace treaties
⭕️ 800 – Leo III – First to crown an emperor – Charlemagne
⭕️ 1073-1085 – Gregory VII (Hildebrand) – First to excommunicate an emperor (Henry IV)
⭕️ 1198-1216 – Innocent III – High water mark of the papacy in the Middle Ages; excommunicated King John of England; took the title Vicar of Christ
⭕️ 1540 – Society of Jesus (Jesuits) – Officially recognized by Paul III; founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, they swore allegiance to the pope, greatly augmenting papal power
⭕️ 870 – Vatican I – This council declared the pope to be infallible when speaking ex cathedra regarding morals and doctrine
V. 宗教改革 REFORMATION (1517-1648)
这一时期标志着罗马天主教会对欧洲文明的垄断的终结。通过重新发现因信称义的教义和宣讲圣言，宗教改革应运而生。这一时期充满了政治、经济、社会和神学方面的争议、变革和冲突。This period marks the end of the monopoly of the Roman Catholic Church over European civilization. Through the rediscovery of the doctrine of justification by faith and the preaching of the Word, the Protestant Reformation emerged. This period is filled with much controversy, change and conflict – political, economic, social, and theological.
A. 重要日期和事件 IMPORTANT DATES & EVENTS
⭕️ 1517 – Martin Luther posts his ninety-five theses – He posted the theses on the door of the church in Wittenberg to protest the abuse of indulgences. Little did he suspect that this act would mark what is generally regarded as the most important turning point in the history of Western Civilization.
⭕️ 1519 – Ulrich Zwingli becomes pastor of the church in Zurich – While Luther was preaching the Gospel in Wittenberg, Ulrich Zwingli was preaching the Gospel in Zurich.
⭕️ 1521 – Diet of Worms – Where Luther stood his ground before the German princes.
⭕️ 1525 – Conrad Grebel baptizes George Blaurock – These students of Zwingli believed that he stopped short of the Biblical teaching in regard to believer’s baptism. This first baptism marks the beginning of the Swiss Ananbaptist movement. It cost them their lives.
⭕️ 1534 – Act of Supremacy – Henry VIII of England declared himself head of the church of England in order to secure a divorce. This marks the beginning of the Reformation in England.
⭕️ 1536 – John Calvin comes to Geneva – John Calvin would spend most of the rest of his life in this city, preaching, pastoring, and writing.
⭕️ 1540 – Society of Jesus established – Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, the Jesuits were officially established by a papal bull in 1540. Part of the Counter Reformation, the Society of Jesus was responsible, in large part, for stemming the tide of the Reformation in many regions of Europe, especially Southern Germany, Poland, and Hungary.
⭕️ 1545-63 – Council of Trent – This council, called by Pope Paul III, was also part of the Counter Reformation. It confirmed Catholic doctrine, responded to Protestant teaching, and instituted reforms within the church.
⭕️ 1559 – John Knox returns to Scotland – After sitting under the teaching of Calvin in Geneva, Knox returned to Scotland to lead the Reformation in that country.
⭕️ 1611 – Publication of the King James Bible in England – This Bible, translated by 54 scholars during the reign of James I, was the culmination of several other English translations, including the Tyndale Bible (1525), Geneva Bible (1560), and Bishop’s Bible (1568).
⭕️ 1618-19 – Synod of Dort – This was the response of the Reformed Church to the Remonstrants of the Arminians. Out of this conflict came the five points of Calvin (TULIP).
⭕️ 1620 – Mayflower Compact – This governing document signed by the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth, became the foundation for Puritan New England.
⭕️ 1646 – Westminster Confession of Faith – This document is the most important statement of the Reformed Faith ever written. It was the work of an assembly of Puritan divines in the midst of the English Civil War.
B. 重要人物 SIGNIFICANT INDIVIDUALS
- Reformers
⭕️ Martin Luther (1483-1546) – Augustinian monk, who rediscovered the Biblical doctrine of justification by faith. He single-handedly took on the Roman Catholic Church, starting the Protestant Reformation.
⭕️ Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560) – Luther’s associate at Wittenberg
⭕️ Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) – Led the Reformation in Switzerland
⭕️ Johann Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575) – Successor of Zwingli at Zurich
⭕️ John Calvin (1509-1564) – French Reformer who pastored at Geneva, the most important theologian of the Reformation. He wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion
⭕️ Theodore Beza (1519-1605) – Successor of Calvin at Geneva
⭕️ John Knox (c. 1514-1572) – Led the Reformation in Scotland
⭕️ Martin Bucer (1491-1551) – Led the Reformation in Strasbourg
⭕️ Oecolampadius (1482-1531) – Led the Reformation in Basel
⭕️ Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556) – Archbishop of Canterbury, wrote the Book of Common Prayer for the Anglican Church
⭕️ William Tyndale (c. 1494-1536) – Translated the Scriptures into English - Anabaptists
⭕️ Menno Simons (1496-1561) – Leader of the Dutch Anabaptists
⭕️ Conrad Grebel (c. 1498-1526) – Founder of the Swiss Anabaptists
⭕️ Michael Sattler (c. 1490-1527) – Wrote the Schleitheim Confession - Roman Catholics
⭕️ Erasmus (c. 1466-1536) – Leading Christian humanist at the time of the Reformation
⭕️ Leo X (1475-1521) – Pope from 1513-1521, during the early conflict with Luther
⭕️ Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) – Founder of the Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
⭕️ Charles V (1500-1558) – Holy Roman Emperor, earnestly opposed the Reformation - English Puritans
⭕️ William Perkins (1558-1602) – Perhaps the most influential Puritan theologian
⭕️ John Owen (1616-1683) – Important Puritan theologian
⭕️ Richard Baxter (1615-1691) – Presbyterian, the most prolific writer of the Puritans
C. 发展和趋势 DEVELOPMENTS & TRENDS
- Development and dissemination of Protestant principles
a. Scripture is the only authoritative rule of faith and practice
b. Justification by grace alone through faith alone
c. Expositional Preaching of the Word of God
d. Priesthood of Believers
e. The Five Solas of Protestant theology
sola Scriptura – Scripture alone
sola fide – by faith alone
sola gratia – by grace alone
solus Christus – through Christ alone
soli Deo gloria – to God alone be glory - Three main wings of the Magisterial Reformation
a. Lutheran – followers of Luther – strong in Germany and Scandanavia
b. Reformed – followers of Calvin – Switzerland, Netherlands, Scotland, and England
c. Anglican – Church of England – conflict emerged between high church and Puritans - Development of the Counter Reformation – The Roman Catholic response to the Reformation. It most importantly included the Council of Trent, the founding of the Jesuit order, and the Inquisition.
- Radical Reformation – The Anabaptists were those who rejected the state church and infant baptism and promoted a voluntary, independent, and pure church. They were persecuted by all the other groups, but especially by the Roman Catholic Church.
1648年神圣罗马帝国 THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE IN 1648
由查理曼大帝王国解体而来
建于公元962年（奥托一世）
解散于1806年8月6日（弗朗西斯二世）——拿破仑时代
[神圣罗马帝国]由公国、主教区和自由城邦组成，其宪法将（民选）皇帝贬为总统兼调解人，不拥有王权，从而保持平衡（《哈珀世界历史地图集》，第148页）。
Evolved out of the break up of Charlemagne’s kingdom
Founded in A.D. 962 (Otto I)
Dissolved August 6, 1806 (Francis II) – during the Napoleonic era
The [Holy Roman Empire] was a mosaic of principalities, bishoprics and free cities, kept in balance by a constitution which reduced the (elected) emperor to the role of a president-mediator without royal power (The Harper Atlas of World History, p. 148).
自1356年以来，皇帝的选举权一直掌握在七位选帝侯手中——易北河畔三位，莱茵河畔四位。易北河畔的选帝侯包括波西米亚国王、萨克森选帝侯和勃兰登堡选帝侯；莱茵河畔的选帝侯包括莱茵普法尔茨伯爵以及美因茨、特里尔和科隆的大主教。除了这些从匈牙利西部延伸至低地的相当大的政治实体外，还有无数较小的国家。每个诸侯都在自己的领土内拥有主权（Estep，第100页）。Since 1356 the selection of the emperor had rested in the hands of seven electors – three on the Elbe and four on the Rhine. On the Elbe were the king of Bohemia, the Elector of Saxony, and the Elector of Brandenburg; on the Rhine, the Count Palatine of the Rhine and the Archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Koln. In addition to these rather large political entities extending from the western part of Hungary to the Lowlands, there were innumerable smaller states. Each prince was sovereign in his own realm (Estep, p. 100).
VI. 现代时期 MODERN ERA (1648-present)
现代时期是复兴和世界宣教的时期，同时也是异端邪说和邪教兴起的时期。这一时期的末期以普世教会合一运动和经验主义为特征。The Modern Era is a period of revivals and world missions as well as the increase in heresy and cults. The end of this period has been characterized by ecumenism and experientialism.
A. 重要日期和事件 IMPORTANT DATES & EVENTS
⭕️ 1648 – Peace of Westphalia – Ended the Thirty Years War, marked the close of the Reformation
⭕️ 1678 – John Bunyan publishes The Pilgrim’s Progress – Perhaps the greatest Christian work ever published in English, after the Bible
⭕️ 1725-1760 – First Great Awakening – Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield and John Wesley
⭕️ 1793 – William Carey sails for India – Beginning of the modern missions movement
⭕️ 1798-1832 – Second Great Awakening – Timothy Dwight, Asahel Nettleton, and Charles Finney
⭕️ 1855 – Conversion of Dwight L. Moody – One of the greatest evangelists in American history
⭕️ 1878 – First American Bible and Prophetic Conference – Held in New York City, it marked the beginning of the Bible Conference Movement in America
⭕️ 1906 – Azusa Street Revival Begins – Marks the start of the Pentecostal Movement
⭕️ 1910-1915 – Publication of The Fundamentals – Launches the Fundamentalist Movement
⭕️ 1947 – Founding of Fuller Theological Seminary – Rise of the Neo-Evangelical Movement
⭕️ 1960 – Start of the Charismatic Movement – Pentecostal doctrines invaded virtually every Protestant denomination as well as the Roman Catholic Church
⭕️ 1962-65 – The Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) – Ecumenical in outlook
B. 重要人物 SIGNIFICANT INDIVIDUALS
- Preachers
⭕️ John Wesley (1703-1791) – English preacher; founded the Methodist Church
⭕️ George Whitefield (1714-1770) – English evangelist; part of the First Great Awakening
⭕️ Charles G. Finney (1792-1875) – American preacher; part of the Second Great Awakening; introduced new evangelistic methods
⭕️ Charles H. Spurgeon (1834-1892) – English Baptist pastor in London
⭕️ Dwight L. Moody (1837-1899) – American evangelist
⭕️ David Martyn Lloyd-Jones (1899-1981) – English pastor; Westminster Chapel, London
⭕️ Billy Graham (1918 – ) – American evangelist; New Evangelical Movement
⭕️ John MacArthur (1939 – ) – American pastor – Grace Community Church in Los Angeles - Evangelical Theologians
⭕️ Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) – Pastor in Northampton, Massachusetts
⭕️ Charles Hodge (1797-1878) – Taught theology at Princeton
⭕️ Benjamin B. Warfield (1851-1921) – Taught theology at Princeton
⭕️ R.A. Torrey (1856-1928) – Bible Institute of Los Angeles
⭕️ Lewis Sperry Chafer (1871-1952) – Founded Dallas Theological Seminary (1924)
⭕️ John Gresham Machen (1881-1937) – Founded Westminster Theological Sem. (1929)
⭕️ Carl F. Henry (1913-2003) – Helped establish Fuller Theological Seminary (1947)
⭕️ J.I. Packer (1926- ) – Anglican – Regent College - Missionaries
⭕️ William Carey (1761-1834) – India (1793)
⭕️ Adoniram Judson (1788-1850) – Burma (1812)
⭕️ George Muller (1805-1898) – Began an orphanage in Bristol (1835)
⭕️ David Livingston (1813-1873) – Africa (1841)
⭕️ James Hudson Taylor (1832-1905) – China (1854)
⭕️ Amy Carmichael (1867-1951) – India (early 1900s)
⭕️ Gladys Aylward (1902-1970) – China (1932) - Hymn Writers
⭕️ Isaac Watts (1674-1748)
⭕️ Charles Wesley (1707-1788)
⭕️ John Newton (1725-1807)
⭕️ William Cowper (1731-1800) - Liberal Theologians
⭕️ Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834) – German – ‘Father of Liberal Theology’
⭕️ F.C. Baur (1762-1860) – German (Tubingen) – attacked Pauline authorship
⭕️ David F. Strauss (1808-1874) – German – The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined
⭕️ Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918) – German – documentary hypothesis (JEDP)
⭕️ Walter Rauschenbusch (1861-1918) – ‘Father of the Social Gospel’
⭕️ Rudolph Bultmann (1884-1976) – German – ‘demythologizing the NT’ - Neo-Orthodox Theologians
⭕️ Karl Barth (1886-1968) – Swiss – founder of neo-orthodox theology
⭕️ Emil Brunner (1889-1966) – Swiss – University of Zurich
⭕️ Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1970) – Union Theological Seminary in New York
C. 发展和趋势 DEVELOPMENTS & TRENDS
- Proliferation of Denominations – This era of Church History has seen endless divisions and splits for an endless variety of reasons.
- Revivals – The Modern Era is unique with its emphasis on revivals and revivalism.
- Development of World Missions – Through the efforts of Christians, particularly in England and America, the Gospel has spread around the globe, reaching even the most remote tribes in far away places.
- Invasion of Liberal Theology – Along with the Enlightenment of the 18th century and Darwinism in the 19th century, came Liberal Theology. It was the result of the elevation of reason over revelation and the denial of all things supernatural. Things religious were relegated to the realm of the subjective, irrational, and unknowable.
- Rise of the Cults
a. Mormons (1830) – Joseph Smith
b. Seventh-Day Adventists (1863) – Ellen G. White
c. Christian Science (1879) – Mary Baker Eddy
d. Jehovah’s Witnesses (1881) – Charles Taze Russell - Rise of the Pentecostal / Charismatic Movement – Certainly the most important development in the 20th century. Initially defined by the baptism of the Holy Spirit as a second work of grace, evidenced by speaking in tongues, the movement has become quite diverse. But generally tongues, healing, on-going revelation, and experientialism define this group. All manner of heresy has come into the church through this movement.
- Ecumenism – The desire to unify all denominations of Christianity. This often extends beyond the bounds of orthodoxy, including Roman Catholicism, Mormons, and even world religions. The experientialism of the Charismatic Movement accelerated this.
- Appearance of the Mega Church – Through the application of business principles to church growth, pragmatism, and the seeker-sensitive movement, the late 20th century saw the rise of the mega church – churches that number in the thousands and tens of thousands of people that are managed much like a business.
